Purebred dog refers to a dog of a modern dog breed Dog breeds are groups of closely related and visibly similar domestic dogs, which are all of the subspecies Canis lupus familiaris, having characteristic traits that are selected and maintained by humans, bred from a known foundation stock that closely resembles other dogs of the same breed, with ancestry documented in a stud book A breed registry, also known as a stud book or register, in animal husbandry and the hobby of animal fancy, is an official list of animals within a specific breed whose parents are known. Animals are usually registered by their breeders when they are still young. The terms "stud book" and "register" are also used to refer to and registered with one of the major dog registries A kennel club is an organization for canine affairs that concerns itself with the breeding, showing and promotion of more than one breed of dog. All-encompassing kennel clubs are also referred to as 'all-breed clubs', although "all" means only those breeds that they have decided to recognize, and "breed" means purebred dogs,. Documentation (so that the dog is known to be descended from specific ancestors) and registration distinguish modern breeds from dog types Dog types are broad categories of dogs based on function; dog types are not identical to modern dog breeds but dogs identified primarily by specific function or style of work rather than by lineage or appearance, including ancestral forms that arose undocumented over a long period of time or landraces A landrace is a local variety of a domesticated animal or plant species which has developed largely by natural processes, by adaptation to the natural and cultural environment in which it lives. It differs from a formal breed which has been bred deliberately to conform to a particular standard type. Landraces are usually more genetically and of dog (sometimes called natural breeds or ancient breeds) that arose under human influence over a long period of time to do a specific type of work.[1]

Purebred dog may also be used in a different manner to refer to dogs of specific dog types Dog types are broad categories of dogs based on function; dog types are not identical to modern dog breeds but dogs identified primarily by specific function or style of work rather than by lineage or appearance, including ancestral forms that arose undocumented over a long period of time and landraces A landrace is a local variety of a domesticated animal or plant species which has developed largely by natural processes, by adaptation to the natural and cultural environment in which it lives. It differs from a formal breed which has been bred deliberately to conform to a particular standard type. Landraces are usually more genetically and that are not modern breeds. An example is cited by biologist Raymond Coppinger, of an Italian shepherd who keeps only the white puppies from his sheep guardian dog's litters, and culls the rest, because he defines the white ones as purebred. Coppinger says, "The shepherd's definition of pure is not wrong, it is simply different from mine."[2] However, the usual definition is the one that involves modern breeds.

Contents

Etymology

The earliest use of the term "pureblood" in English referring to animal breeding, according to the Online Etymological Dictionary, was in 1882 and "pure bred" in 1890.[3] The Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary dates the use to 1852.[4]

Registration

Purebred dogs are by definition registered members of modern breeds. Breeds of dogs may be registered either in an open stud book An open stud book is a type of breed registry for animals, particularly horses, wherein animals may be registered even if their parents or earlier ancestors were not previously registered with that particular entity. Usually an open stud book has strict studbook selection criteria that require an animal to meet a certain standard of conformation, or a closed stud book A closed stud book is a stud book or breed registry that will no longer accept any outside blood for improvement of a particular breed of animal, and the registered animals are the foundation for the breed, with all subsequent offspring tracing back to the foundation stock. For example, the Trakehner horse has a closed stud book, and will not. The term purebred dog is typically used to mean dogs registered with a closed stud book registry, but the connotation Connotation is a subjective cultural and/or emotional coloration in addition to the explicit or denotative meaning of any specific word or phrase in a language, i.e. emotional association with a word of desirability of this type of registration is disputed by owners of purebred dogs from open stud book registries.

Crossbred A crossbreed or crossbred usually refers to an animal with purebred parents of two different breeds, varieties, or populations. Crossbreeding refers to the process of breeding such an animal, often with the intention to create offspring that share the traits of both parent lineages, or producing an animal with hybrid vigor. While crossbreeding is dogs (first generation crosses from two purebred dogs, also called dog hybrids) are not breeds and are not considered purebred, although crossbreds from the same two breeds of purebreds can have "identical qualities",[9] similar to what would be expected from breeding two purebreds, but with more genetic variation. However, crossbreds do not breed true (meaning that progeny will show consistent, replicable and predictable characteristics), and can only be reproduced by returning to the original two purebred breeds.

Among breeds of hunting, herding, or working dogs in open stud book registries, a crossbred dog may be registered as a member of the breed it most closely resembles if the dog works in the manner of the breed. Some hunting, herding, or working dog registries will accept mixed breed (meaning of unknown heritage) dogs as members of the breed if they work in the correct manner, called register on merit.[10].

For mixed breed A mixed-breed dog is a dog whose ancestry is generally unknown and that has characteristics of two or more types of breeds, or is a descendant of feral or pariah dog populations. "Random-bred" is a genetic term meaning an animal, population, or breed that was bred or developed without planned intervention of humans; and whose ancestry (unknown heredity), crossbred A crossbreed or crossbred usually refers to an animal with purebred parents of two different breeds, varieties, or populations. Crossbreeding refers to the process of breeding such an animal, often with the intention to create offspring that share the traits of both parent lineages, or producing an animal with hybrid vigor. While crossbreeding is (from two different purebred breeds), or otherwise unregistered purebred pet dogs A pet is an animal kept for companionship and enjoyment or a household animal, as opposed to wild animals or to livestock, laboratory animals, working animals or sport animals, which are kept for economic or productive reasons. The most popular pets are noted for their loyal or playful characteristics, for their attractive appearance, or for their there are available many small for-pay internet registry businesses that will certify any dog as a purebred anything one cares to invent.[11] However, new breeds of dog are constantly being legitimately created, and there are many websites for new breed associations and breed clubs offering legitimate registrations for new or rare breeds. When dogs of a new breed are "visiblily similar in most characteristics" and have reliable documented descent from a "known and designated foundation stock"[1] they can then be considered members of a breed, and, if an individual dog is documented and registered, it can be called purebred. Only documentation of the ancestry from a breed's foundation stock determines whether or not a dog is a purebred member of a breed.[12]

Showdog

A showdog is a purebred dog that participates in dog shows with its owner or handler.

The term showdog is commonly used in two different ways. For people in the dog fancy Animal Fancy is a hobby involving the appreciation, promotion, and/or breeding of pet or domestic animals, a showdog is an exceptional purebred dog that conforms to breed type Breed type is the whole of the characteristics that are typical of a breed of domesticated animals. Breed type may include details of form or color that are not directly related to the economic value of the animal, and are usually defined in breed standards, and an outgoing, high energy character.[13] For people who have no interest in dog shows, the term "showdog" is often used facetiously to refer to a dog whose only attributes are in its appearance. Unfortunately, most breeders of showdogs are more interested in conformation - the physical attributes of the dogs in relation to the breed standard - rather than in the working temperament for which the dog was originally bred. Raymond Coppinger says, "This recent breeding fad for the purebred dog is badly out of control."[14].

Dog shows (and the related sport of Junior Handling Junior Showmanship , also called Junior Handling, is a sport for young people (called "Juniors") in which they exhibit their dog handling skills in an event similar to a conformation dog show for children and young people) continue to be popular activities; a single show, the 2006 Crufts dog show alone had 143,000 spectators, with 24,640 purebred dogs entered, representing 178 different breeds from 35 different countries.[15] The sport of conformation dog showing is only open to registered purebred dogs.

Eugenics and history

Purebred dogs represent to many commentators the attitudes of the late Victorian era, when dog breeding first became popular and when most modern breeds originated. Purebred dogs were bred from a narrow set of ancestors, and an idea developed that this somehow made them superior in both appearance and in general goodness. Englishman Francis Galton Sir Francis Galton FRS , cousin of Sir Douglas Galton, half-cousin of Charles Darwin, was an English Victorian polymath, anthropologist, eugenicist, tropical explorer, geographer, inventor, meteorologist, proto-geneticist, psychometrician, and statistician. He was knighted in 1909 used the term eugenics Eugenics is the study and practice of selective breeding applied to humans, with the aim of improving the species. In a historical and broader sense, eugenics can also be a study of "improving human genetic qualities." Advocates of eugenics sought to counter what they regarded as dysgenic dynamics within the human gene pool. Specifically, to refer to his ideas for applying domestic animal breeding techniques to humans, to produce a 'pure' and 'good' elite; the idea became an intellectual fad, promoted by people as diverse as Margaret Sanger Margaret Higgins Sanger Slee was an American birth control activist and the founder of the American Birth Control League and dog writer Leon Fradley Whitney,[16] who both promoted the sterilization of 'unfit' humans; ideas that were extended horrifyingly by the Nazis in World War II era Germany.

Purebred dog breeders of today "have inherited a breeding paradigm that is, at the very least, a bit anachronistic in light of modern genetic knowledge, and that first arose out of a pretty blatant misinterpretation of Darwin and an enthusiasm for social theories that have long been discredited as scientifically insupportable and morally questionable."[16] Information about the way early dog shows were intellectualized is of little interest to modern breeders and owners of purebred dogs, who for the most part have never heard of eugenics. Breeders and serious fanciers are more interested in the real or imagined early history of their favourite breed's development.[17] Reputable breeders attempt to produce the healthiest dogs the limited gene pool will allow, and buyers of purebreds primarily are interested in a puppy whose adult size, appearance, and temperament are predictable.[18] In addition, tens of thousands of people worldwide enjoy the sport of conformation dog showing, which is restricted to purebred dogs.[19]

Health issues

Health issues of purebred dogs and genetic problems in purebred dogs has been extensively covered in these articles - Genetic disease Infectious diseases that affect dogs are important not only from a veterinary standpoint, but also because of the risk to public health; an example of this is rabies. Genetic disorders also affect dogs, often due to selective breeding to produce individual dog breeds. Due to the popularity of both commercial and homemade dog foods, nutrition is | List of dog diseases This list of dog diseases is a continuously updated selection of diseases and other conditions found in the dog. Some of these diseases are unique to dogs or closely related species, while others are found in other animals, including humans. Not all of the articles listed here contain information specific to dogs. These articles are marked with an | Canine reproduction Canine reproduction is a social behavior of the domestic dog. Related veterinary and breeding information is also covered as well as the others linked in this article. Also see articles about individual dog breeds Dogs have been selectively bred for thousands of years, sometimes by inbreeding dogs from the same ancestral lines, sometimes by mixing dogs from very different lines. The process continues today, resulting in a wide variety of breeds, hybrids and types of dogs. Dogs are the only animal with such a wide variation in appearance without speciation, & for more on health issues of individual breeds. The BBC also recently ran a documentary on the health problems in pedigree dogs Pedigree Dogs Exposed was a BBC One investigative documentary, produced by Jemima Harrison, which looked into the health issues facing pedigree dogs in the United Kingdom [20].

Future of purebred dogs

Most purebred breeds that exist today were created in the late 1800s from older dog types Dog types are broad categories of dogs based on function; dog types are not identical to modern dog breeds but dogs identified primarily by specific function or style of work rather than by lineage or appearance, including ancestral forms that arose undocumented over a long period of time by selective breeding and rigorous culling.[21] This created a genetic bottleneck A population bottleneck is an evolutionary event in which a significant percentage of a population or species is killed or otherwise prevented from reproducing that will at some point render breeding from closed stud books A closed stud book is a stud book or breed registry that will no longer accept any outside blood for improvement of a particular breed of animal, and the registered animals are the foundation for the breed, with all subsequent offspring tracing back to the foundation stock. For example, the Trakehner horse has a closed stud book, and will not unviable. Suggestions for improvement have included outcrossing Outcrossing is the practice of introducing unrelated genetic material into a breeding line. It increases genetic diversity, thus reducing the probability of all individuals being subject to disease or reducing genetic abnormalities. It actually can serve to increase the number of individuals who carry a disease recessively (opening studbooks) and measuring and regulating inbreeding.

Books on choosing a puppy advocate for purebred dogs, as long as they come from breeders who are willing to invest the time and money in producing healthy dogs that they are willing to guarantee. "The difference is that purebred breeders know what to expect", writes Chris Walkowicz in The Perfect Match.[22] Stephen Budiansky in The Truth About Dogs writes, "It is true that the standard criticisms leveled against inbreeding are not always well informed from the point of view of modern genetics." He continues, "Curing the problems that inbreeding has engendered in purebred dogs will require more subtlety than either most breeders or their more vocal critics have so far displayed."[23]

Hungarian ethologist Ethology is the scientific study of animal behavior, and a sub-topic of zoology Vilmos Csányi sees purebred dog breeders, in efforts to meet breed standards, increasing the extent of inbreeding and thereby reducing the breeds' desirable attributes; "This process appears to be unstoppable," he says.[24] He continues with the idea that breeders could preserve their purebred breeds, while improving the health of dogs for pets, through the breeding of uniform crossbreeds (hybrids). "If we take care to maintain the parent breeds," Csányi writes, "we can always produce good hybrids." The crossing should only be in the first generation; "hybrids produced from different breeds should not be bred further", as the advantage of predictability is lost.[25]

Humans can survive without dogs, but dogs have adapted so completely that most dogs cannot survive without humans.[26] The majority of people do not use dogs in any kind of work, and dogs are expensive to keep. Large numbers of both mixed breed and some purebred dogs are discarded to shelters or become strays. In some countries this has resulted in eradication attempts (as was done in recent dog culls in China.)[27]

Purebreed dogs are frequent targets of Dognapping Dognapping is the crime of taking a canine from its owner, with the intention of demanding a ransom. This crime occurs predominantly amongst purebred dogs, as they are more expensive. The profit available to dog nappers varies based upon the value of the dog or the amount that its original owners are willing to pay as ransom. A dog like an African (the crime of taking a canine from its owner) the profit from which can run up to thousands of dollars.[28]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged, The Merriam-Webster Editorial Staff, Springfield, MA U.S.A.: G&C Merriam Company, pp. 274, "A breed is a group of domestic animals related through common ancestors and visiblily similar in most characteristics, having been differentiated from others by human influence; a distinctive group of domesticated animals differentiated from the wild type under the influence of man, the sum of the progeny of a known and designated foundation stock without admixture of other blood."
  2. ^ Coppinger, Raymond; Coppinger, Lorna (2001), Dogs, A New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior & Evolution, New York: Scribner, pp. 138, ISBN 0-684-85530-5
  3. ^ Online Etymology Dictionary, http://www.etymonline.com/, retrieved 20 May 2008
  4. ^ Merriam-Webster Dictionary, http://www.webster.com/, retrieved 20 May 2008
  5. ^ various authors, Canine Genetic Diseases Network, Columbia, Missouri, USA: University of Missouri-Columbia College of Veterinary Medicine, http://www.caninegeneticdiseases.net/, retrieved 20 May 2008
  6. ^ For example, most border collies today (whether used for herding or for showing) are related to a sire named Winston Cap
  7. ^ Jack Russell Terrier Club of America, Glossary, http://www.therealjackrussell.com/misc/glossary.php, retrieved 20 May 2008
  8. ^ Jack Russell Terrier Club of America, Jack Russell Terrier Club of America Code of Ethics, http://www.therealjackrussell.com/jrtca/ethics.php, retrieved 20 May 2008 "A terrier will be rejected for registration if the inbreeding coefficient is more than 16%"
  9. ^ Csányi, Vilmos (2005), If Dogs Could Talk (First American Edition, translated by Richard E. Quandt ed.), New York: North Point Press, p. 285, ISBN 978-0-86547-686-8
  10. ^ See the American Border Collie Association's Register on Merit Program
  11. ^ Jeanne Hale, Dog Registries: who’s who and who’s not, http://members.tripod.com/~Moosewood/registries.html, retrieved 20 May 2008 (contains descriptions and lists 'alternative' registries)
  12. ^ Lynn Marmer (1984), "The New Breed Of Municipal Dog Control Laws:Are They Constitutional?", first published in the University of Cincinnati Law Review, http://www.grapevine.net/~wolf2dog/review.htm, retrieved 05/20 2008, "The court found it was impossible to identify the breed of an unregistered dog."
  13. ^ Alston, George (May 16, 1992), The Winning Edge: Show Ring Secrets (1st ed.), New York: Howell Book House, p. 59, ISBN 978-0876058343 "If you make showing fun for the dog, you will have the fun and satisfaction of showing a winner."
  14. ^ Coppinger, Raymond; Coppinger, Lorna (2001), Dogs, A New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior & Evolution, New York: Scribner, pp. 247–248, ISBN 0-684-85530-5
  15. ^ The Kennel Club (UK), Crufts 2006 Show review, http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/cgi-bin/item.cgi?d=23&f=3&h=243&id=499, retrieved 20 May 2008
  16. ^ a b Budiansky", Stephen (2000), The Truth About Dogs; an Inquiry into the Ancestry, Social Conventions, Mental Habits, and Moral Fiber of Canis familiaris, New York, U.S.A.: Viking Penguin, p. 35, ISBN 0-670-89272-6
  17. ^ Coppinger, page 249
  18. ^ Caras, Roger A. (2001), Going for the Blue, New York, USA: Warner Books, Inc., p. 4–6, ISBN 0-446-52644-4
  19. ^ Attendance at American Kennel Club annually exceeds 1.8 million. PDF, pg 55; Japanese-born French poodle wins at world dog show in Buenos Aires, 2005
  20. ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/2583235/BBC-may-cut-Crufts-over-disease-riddled-pedigree-breeds.html
  21. ^ Coppinger, page 245, "Anybody who ever created a breed did so by culling the ones they didn't want."
  22. ^ Walkowicz, Chris (1996), The Perfect Match, a Dog Buyer's Guide, New York: Wiley Publishing, Inc., p. 16, ISBN 0-87605-767-9
  23. ^ Budiansky, pg 212
  24. ^ Csányi, Vilmos (2005), If Dogs Could Talk (First American Edition, translated by Richard E. Quandt ed.), New York: North Point Press, p. 284, ISBN 978-0-86547-686-8
  25. ^ Csányi, pgs 285-286
  26. ^ Coppinger, pgs 28- 29
  27. ^ BBC News (4 August 2006), Second Chinese dog cull planned, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/5244304.stm, retrieved 20 May 2008
  28. ^ * Dognapping at gunpoint

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'Purebred (Dog)' Answers
purebred,hybrid dog? what does it mean?
Q. Ok i never knew what the difference is between them can someone tell me what purebred dog means? And hybrid dog means? Thanks.
Asked by Pooh Bear - Wed Jun 17 23:43:08 2009 - - 13 Answers - 0 Comments

A. a pure bred dog is one from two parents of the same (recognised) breed and preferably should be registered as such. a hybrid is the offspring of two species (horse/donkey, lion/tiger etc) and are usually infertile a mongrel (or cross breed) is the offspring of two (or more) breeds of the same species - dogs are ALL the same species (canis lupus familiaris) and these offspring are able to breed.
Answered by Joh: think outside the bag - Wed Jun 17 23:52:16 2009

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